Table of Contents
Odour
- Sweet: DKA/glycosuria
- Pungent: infection
- Ammonia-type smell: alkaline urine
Appearance/turbidity
- Discolouration
- Red: haematuria/haemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria, porphyria, beetroot, drugs (rifampicin)
- Brown: bile pigments, myoglobin, methaemoglobin, drugs (levodopa, metronidazole, antimalarials, nitrofurantoin)
- Green/blue: Pseudomonas UTI, biliverdin, drugs (amitriptyline, methylene blue, propofol)
- Orange: bile pigments, drugs (phenothiazines)
- Cloudiness: pus, pyuria, alkaline urine phosphate crystals
- Sedimentation
Urine dipstick analysis
