Exploring symptom
Relevant system reviews
Urological
Cystitis
Urethritis
Pyelonephritis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Other urological differentials
Others
Others
Exploring symptom
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Urological
Bladder transitional cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Urethral trauma
History of catheter use or trauma (For example, by catheter)
UTI
Frequency / dysuria / urgency
Urethritis
Calculi
Loin to groin pain
Other urological differentials
Others
Others
Exploring symptom
Relevant system reviews
Endocrine
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Polydipsia/thirst and polyuria
Urological
Chronic kidney disease
Non-specific symptoms, e.g. fatigue, weakness, pruritus, dyspnoea
UTI
Post-obstructive diuresis
A life-threatening complication of relieving urinary obstruction
Others
Others
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Urological
Stress incontinence
Occurs due to pelvic floor weakness
Urge incontinence
Occurs due to detrusor instability or spinal cord pathology (e.g. cord compression, cord injury, MS)
Overflow incontinence
Occurs due to prostatic hypertrophy, stricture or stone, or spinal cord pathology
Mixed incontinence
True incontinence
Occurs due to vesicovaginal or ureterovaginal fistula
Exploring symptom
Relevant system reviews
Urological
Prostatic hypertrophy
Prostatic hypertrophy
Urethral stricture
History of trauma or recurrent catheterisation
Bladder neck obstruction
For example, due to tumour or calculus
UTI
Dysuria
Other urological differentials
Others
Others
A 40 year old male patient presents with abdominal pain. Which features would make you suspicious of renal colic?
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What would be in your differential for this patient?
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Please describe the difference between urethritis, cystitis and pyelonephritis. Please name an infective cause of each.
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A patient presents to ED with chest pain and this trace. What would you do?
Interpretation management
Medical student