Exploring symptom
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Tension headache
Cluster headache
Migraine
Trigeminal neuralgia
Meningitis
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Raised intracranial pressure
Many causes, e.g. tumour, idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Other intracranial causes
Giant cell arteritis
Glaucoma
Sinusitis
Other extracranial causes
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Benign positional vertigo
Vestibular neuritis
Viral labyrinthitis
Ménière’s disease
Other peripheral causes
Vertebrobasilar stroke
Cerebellar stroke
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
Other central causes
Exploring symptom
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Arrhythmia
Aortic stenosis
Other cardiac causes
Seizure
Parkinson’s disease
TETRAD = rigidity + tremor + bradykinesia + postural instability
TIA / stroke
Other neurological causes
Vasovagal
Postural hypotension
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What are the red flags when assessing a patient with a headache? And which conditions would you worry about if each were present?
Headache features
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Associated features
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Patient features
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A patient presents to ED with chest pain and this trace. What would you do?
Interpretation management