Venous ulcers

Answer Explanation:

• The correct answer is Haemosiderin pigmentation. This is a common consequence of lower limb venous insufficiency.
• Haemosiderin is an iron-storage complex. It is only found within cells and appears to be a breakdown product of hemoglobin.
• Haemosiderin pigmentation occurs when there is venous insufficiency, which leads to increased pressure in the veins and capillaries. This pressure causes red blood cells to leak out of the vessels. The red blood cells are then broken down, and haemosiderin is left in the tissues, causing a brown pigmentation.

Overview of Lower Limb Venous Insufficiency:

• Lower limb venous insufficiency is a condition where the veins in the lower limbs (legs) have problems sending blood back to the heart.
• This condition is often caused by deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or varicose veins.
• Common symptoms include swelling in the legs or ankles, pain that gets worse when you stand and gets better when you raise your legs, leg cramps, itching, and skin discoloration.
• Complications of lower limb venous insufficiency can include varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis, venous ulcers, and in severe cases, haemosiderin pigmentation.

Other Answer Options:

• Gangrene: This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies (necrosis). This is not typically a consequence of lower limb venous insufficiency.
• Necrobiosis lipoidica: This is a rare skin disorder of unclear cause. It is not typically associated with lower limb venous insufficiency.
• Pretibial myxoedema: This is a rare dermopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, specifically Graves’ disease. It is not a consequence of lower limb venous insufficiency.
• Neuropathic ulceration: This is a complication from nerve damage, often seen in patients with diabetes. It is not typically a consequence of lower limb venous insufficiency.