Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)

Answer Explanation:

• The correct answer is raised high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. This is because HDL cholesterol is often referred to as ‘good’ cholesterol. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of ischaemic heart disease, not an increased risk.
• Smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypothyroidism are all recognized risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. They contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, which can lead to ischaemic heart disease.

Overview of Ischaemic Heart Disease:

• Ischaemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is a condition that affects the supply of blood to the heart. It occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed by a gradual build-up of fatty material within their walls.
• The condition is the most common cause of death in the UK and worldwide.

Risk Factors for Ischaemic Heart Disease:

• Smoking: Smoking damages the lining of the arteries, leading to a build-up of fatty material (atheroma).
• Diabetes mellitus: High blood sugar levels can damage the arteries and lead to atherosclerosis.
• Hypertension: High blood pressure can strain the heart and blood vessels, leading to ischaemic heart disease.
• Hypothyroidism: Low levels of thyroid hormone can lead to high levels of bad cholesterol and increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

Prevention of Ischaemic Heart Disease:

• Prevention strategies include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight.
• Medications to control blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol levels can also reduce the risk.