Share your insights

Help us by sharing what content you've recieved in your exams


Infectious diarrhoea

Background knowledge 🧠

Definition

  • Acute onset of loose or watery stools.
  • Increased frequency (β‰₯3 times per day).
  • Caused by infectious agents.

Epidemiology

  • Common worldwide, especially in developing countries.
  • Major cause of morbidity and mortality in children.
  • High incidence in travelers.

Aetiology and Pathophysiology

  • Bacterial: E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter.
  • Viral: Norovirus, Rotavirus.
  • Parasitic: Giardia, Cryptosporidium.
  • Pathogens invade and damage intestinal mucosa β†’Β Leads to increased fluid secretion and decreased absorption.

Types

  • Non-inflammatory (watery diarrhoea).
  • Inflammatory (bloody diarrhoea).
  • Persistent diarrhoea (lasting β‰₯14 days).

Clinical Features 🌑️

Symptoms

  • Acute onset of diarrhoea
  • Abdominal pain and cramping
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • Dehydration (thirst, dry mouth)

Signs

  • Tachycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Decreased skin turgor
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Sunken eyes

Investigations πŸ§ͺ

Tests

  • Stool sample (microscopy, culture, sensitivity).
  • Blood tests (FBC, U&E).
  • PCR for viral pathogens.
  • Serology for specific infections.

Management πŸ₯Ό

Management

  • Oral rehydration solution (ORS).
  • Antibiotics for bacterial infections.
  • Antiparasitic treatment for parasitic infections.
  • Antiemetics for severe vomiting.
  • Hospitalisation for severe cases.

Complications

  • Severe dehydration
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Sepsis
  • Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
  • Malnutrition

Prognosis

  • Generally good with appropriate treatment.
  • Varies with severity and patient factors.
  • Worse in immunocompromised and very young/old.

Key Points

  • Infectious diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide and it can be caused by either bacteria, viruses or parasites.
  • Prevent with good hygiene and safe food practices.
  • Early diagnosis and management are crucial.
  • Educate patients on hydration and signs of dehydration.
  • Monitor for complications.

No comments yet πŸ˜‰

Leave a Reply