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Rhythm Control:Amiodarone, flecainide, or sotalol. Electrical cardioversion may be used if drugs are ineffective.
Stroke Prevention:Anticoagulation using warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) like rivaroxaban or apixaban based on CHA2DS2-VASc score.
Ablation Therapy: Catheter ablation can target areas of the atria responsible for triggering or perpetuating AF.
Prognosis
Prognosis is dependent on the underlying cause of AF.
Complications
Stroke (from thromboembolism)
Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy
Heart failure
Acute AF can cause haemodynamic instability
Key Points
AF is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia.
Important ECG findings include absent P-waves and irregular QRS complexes.
Anticoagulation is pivotal in reducing the risk of AF-related stroke.
Management can be rate or rhythm control, tailored to the patient’s symptoms and clinical condition.
References
Gutierrez, C. and Blanchard, D.G. (2016). Diagnosis and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. American Family Physician, [online] 94(6), pp.442–452. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27637120/.
Hindricks, G., Potpara, T., Dagres, N., Arbelo, E., Bax, J. J., Blomström-Lundqvist, C., Boriani, G., Castella, M., Dan, G.-A., Dilaveris, P. E., Fauchier, L., Filippatos, G., Kalman, J. M., La Meir, M., Lane, D. A., Lebeau, J.-P., Lettino, M., Lip, G. Y. H., Pinto, F. J., Thomas, G. N., Valgimigli, M., Van Gelder, I. C., Van Putte, B. P. and Watkins, C. L. (2021) ‘Corrigendum to: 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC’, European heart journal, 42(40), pp. 4194-4194.
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31585
Treatment options for atrial fibrillation include which of the following?
AI Feedback
10.26% of users got this question correct
Answer Explanation:
The correct answer is Flecainide. This is because Flecainide is a class IC antiarrhythmic drug that is commonly used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. It works by blocking the rapid influx of sodium ions into the cardiac cells, which slows the conduction velocity and prolongs the refractory period.
Adenosine is not a correct answer because it is primarily used to treat supraventricular tachycardia, not atrial fibrillation.
Lidocaine and Mexiletine are both class IB antiarrhythmic drugs. They are primarily used to treat ventricular arrhythmias, not atrial fibrillation.
Propofol is an anesthetic agent, not an antiarrhythmic drug, and therefore it is not used to treat atrial fibrillation.
Overview of Atrial Fibrillation:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. It is characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria.
AF can lead to a number of health problems, including stroke, heart failure, and additional heart rhythm problems.
Common symptoms of AF include palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue. However, some people with AF have no symptoms and are unaware of their condition until it’s discovered during a physical examination.
AF can be classified into three types: paroxysmal (intermittent), persistent, and permanent. The type of AF determines the treatment strategy.
Treatment options for AF include medications to control the heart rate or rhythm, blood-thinning medications to prevent stroke, and procedures such as cardioversion or ablation to restore normal heart rhythm.
31552
Regarding atrial fibrillation:
AI Feedback
50% of users got this question correct
Answer Explanation:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) can indeed be caused by pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which can lead to a variety of complications, including heart problems such as AF. The inflammation and infection can cause an increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure, and changes in the electrical conduction system of the heart, all of which can lead to AF.
Incorrect Options Explanation:
AF is not a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease. Instead, it is a risk factor for stroke and heart failure.
AF is not associated with hypothyroidism. In fact, it is more commonly associated with hyperthyroidism.
Beta-blockers are not an ineffective treatment for AF. They are often used to control the heart rate in people with AF.
AF is not reversible with digoxin. While digoxin can help control the heart rate in people with AF, it does not reverse the condition.
Overview of Atrial Fibrillation:
Definition: Atrial fibrillation is a heart condition that causes an irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate.
Causes: It can be caused by a number of factors, including high blood pressure, heart valve disease, hyperthyroidism, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain infections like pneumonia.
Symptoms: Symptoms can include heart palpitations, fatigue, shortness of breath, and weakness.
Treatment: Treatment options include medication to prevent and control arrhythmia, medication to prevent stroke, and surgical procedures to disrupt the electrical pathways causing the arrhythmia.
29339
Which of the following is not a cause of atrial fibrillation?
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2.33% of users got this question correct
Atrial fibrillation presents on ECG with missing P-waves and irregularly irregular QRS complexes. It was described in 1876 by Carl Nothnagel:
“In this form of arrhythmia the heartbeats follow each other in complete irregularity. At the same time, the height and tension of the individual pulse waves are continuously changing”.
Because the atria are not efficiently contracting, blood can clot within the left atrium and result in embolisation.
Causes of atrial fibrillation can be remembered using ‘Dehydrated PIRATES’:
Which of the following is not a cause of atrial fibrillation?
Feedback
2.33% of users got this question correct
Atrial fibrillation presents on ECG with missing P-waves and irregularly irregular QRS complexes. It was described in 1876 by Carl Nothnagel:
“In this form of arrhythmia the heartbeats follow each other in complete irregularity. At the same time, the height and tension of the individual pulse waves are continuously changing”.
Because the atria are not efficiently contracting, blood can clot within the left atrium and result in embolisation.
Causes of atrial fibrillation can be remembered using ‘Dehydrated PIRATES’:
